Global Trends in Congenital Heart Disease Mortality: A 31-Year Analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study (1990–2021)
Abstract Body (Do not enter title and authors here): Introduction: Congenital heart diseases (CHDs) are among the most common birth defects worldwide and represent a growing global health concern. These conditions range from common defects such as ventricular septal defects, atrial septal defects, and patent ductus arteriosus to more complex and life-threatening anomalies including Tetralogy of Fallot, Transposition of the Great Arteries, Truncus Arteriosus, and Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome. While advances in prenatal screening, early diagnosis, and surgical interventions have improved outcomes in many high-income settings, significant disparities in CHD-related mortality persist globally. Objective: This study aims to analyze global trends in CHD mortality from 1990 to 2021 using Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study data, with a focus on the average annual percent change (AAPC) in age-standardized death rates (ASDRs). Methods: A retrospective trend analysis was performed using CHD mortality data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study for the years 1990 to 2021. Age-standardized death rates (ASDRs) per 100,000 population were extracted and analyzed globally and by individual country. The average annual percent change (AAPC) in ASDRs was calculated to assess trends, with particular focus on high-income countries. Results: Globally, CHD mortality demonstrated modest overall declines, though regional disparities persist. High-income countries, including San Marino (AAPC: -0.126), Andorra (-0.085), Luxembourg (-0.079), Singapore (-0.068), and the Republic of Korea (-0.055), showed gradual reductions in ASDRs. Conversely, slight increases in CHD mortality were observed in countries such as Argentina (0.034), Brunei Darussalam (0.018), and Uruguay (0.015). Conclusion: While global progress has been made in reducing CHD mortality, significant geographic disparities remain. Countries exhibiting persistently high or rising mortality rates require targeted public health strategies, including enhanced prenatal and newborn screening, improved access to pediatric cardiac care, and long-term follow-up programs to ensure better health outcomes for affected individuals.
Khan, Wajeeh
( DOW University of Health Sciences
, Karachi
, Pakistan
)
Siddiqui, Saim
( DOW University of Health Sciences
, Karachi
, Pakistan
)
Chigurupati, Himaja Dutt
( East Carolina University
, Greenville
, North Carolina
, United States
)
Shahid, Ahmad
( DOW University of Health Sciences
, Karachi
, Pakistan
)
Khan, Wajeeha
( Karachi Medical And Dental College
, Karachi
, Pakistan
)
Hameed, Arooba
( DOW University of Health Sciences
, Karachi
, Pakistan
)
Khan, Umar
( DOW University of Health Sciences
, Karachi
, Pakistan
)
Naveed, Muhammad Abdullah
( DOW University of Health Sciences
, Karachi
, Pakistan
)
Neppala, Sivaram
( University of Texas Health SA
, Boerne
, Texas
, United States
)
Author Disclosures:
Wajeeh Khan:DO NOT have relevant financial relationships
| Saim Siddiqui:No Answer
| Himaja Dutt Chigurupati:DO NOT have relevant financial relationships
| Ahmad Shahid:DO NOT have relevant financial relationships
| Wajeeha Khan:DO NOT have relevant financial relationships
| arooba hameed:DO NOT have relevant financial relationships
| Umar Khan:DO NOT have relevant financial relationships
| Muhammad Abdullah Naveed:DO NOT have relevant financial relationships
| Sivaram Neppala:DO NOT have relevant financial relationships
