Abstract Body (Do not enter title and authors here): Background: Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) represents a significant component of cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality among the young and middle-aged populations of the United States (US).
Research Question: To analyze the long-term trends and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on AMI-related mortality among the young and middle-aged populations of the US.
Methods: Data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Wide-ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research (CDC WONDER) multiple causes of death database were used to analyze death certificates from 1999 to 2023 for AMI-related deaths among the young and middle-aged population (aged 25-64) of the US. Age-adjusted mortality rates (AAMRs) per 100,000 people and associated annual percent changes (APCs) and average APC (AAPCs) were analyzed using Joinpoint regression analysis. Mortality trends were stratified by sex, race/ethnicity, and census region.
Results: From 1999 to 2023, there were 970,454 AMI-related deaths among U.S. adults aged 25-64 years. The annual number of AMI-related deaths decreased from 44,040 in 1999 to 31,522 in 2023. The overall AAMR per 100,000 decreased from 31.02 deaths (95% CI, 30.73 to 31.31) in 1999 to 15.29 (95% CI, 15.11 to 15.46) in 2023 (AAPC -2.92%, 95% CI -3.22 to -2.75). The AAMR per 100,000 declined at a faster rate from 31.02 in 1999 to 19.57 in 2010 (1999-2010, APC -4.26), followed by a slower rate from 19.57 in 2010 to 16.67 in 2019 (2010-2019, APC -1.41), The declining trend was disrupted by a transient increase during the COVID-19 pandemic, with a peak AAMR of 19.73 (95% CI, 19.53 to 19.93) in 2021 (2019-2021, APC 8.52). The declining trend resumed from 2021 to 2023, with AAMR decreasing to the lowest levels of 15.29 in 2023 (2021-2023, APC -12.58). Heterogeneity across demographic and regional groups has narrowed during these 25 years. However, they are still prevalent, with men (figure 1), non-Hispanic (NH) Black or African American, NH American Indian or Alaska Native (figure 2), and the residents of the Southern United States (figure 3) having higher mortality rates.
Conclusion: Over the past 25 years, AMI-related mortality has declined in the young and middle-aged population of the US, although rates spiked during the COVID-19 pandemic before resuming their decline in 2022. While disparities among demographic and regional groups have narrowed, they still exist, necessitating comprehensive efforts to improve cardiovascular health outcomes.