Abstract Body: BACKGROUND:
Coffee's global popularity arises from its stimulating effects on the central nervous system, taste, and aroma, making it one of the most widely consumed beverages. Numerous studies have explored the potential link between coffee consumption and diseases, particularly coronary heart disease (CHD), yet this association remains debatable.

PURPOSE:
This study aims to assess the risks and benefits of coffee consumption concerning CHD, compared to individuals who do not drink coffee.

METHODS:
An umbrella meta-analysis incorporating existing meta-analyses was conducted. A systematic search was performed on the PubMed database from 2006 to 2023 using the PRISMA protocol. MeSH terms "coffee consumption," "coronary artery disease," and "myocardial infarction" were used. The study included 3.28 million participants from cohort studies across four prospective meta-analyses. Additionally, subgroup analysis based on varying levels of coffee intake (very-heavy, moderate, and light) was performed. Analysis was conducted using RevMan to derive a summarised risk ratio (RR) of CHD/MI associated with coffee consumption and a 95% Confidence Interval. Risk bias was incorporated using RoBANS integrated with RevMan. Sensitivity analysis was conducted by excluding one study at a time to derive Heterogeneity Index (I²) scores. Forest plots were generated, with statistical significance set at p<0.05.

RESULTS:
The study comprised four meta-analyses meeting the inclusion criteria, incorporating 80 studies involving 3.28 million individuals worldwide. Compared to non-coffee drinkers, coffee consumers had a summarized risk ratio of 1.08 (95%CI: 1.01-1.14, I2: 76%, p<0.00001). Subgroup analysis, with one study omitted, revealed that very-heavy coffee drinkers had a risk ratio of 1.14 (0.99-1.29, 73%, p<0.00001), moderate coffee drinkers had a risk ratio of 1.02 (0.89-1.14, 77%, p<0.00001), and light coffee drinkers had a risk ratio of 1.00 (0.94-1.06, 0%, p<0.00001).

CONCLUSION:
Based on our umbrella meta-analysis, very-heavy coffee consumption is associated with a borderline increased risk of CHD. However, no significant difference was found between moderate and light coffee drinkers regarding CHD risk.