Abstract Body (Do not enter title and authors here): A 16-year-old-male presented in 2016 after a fall with a concussion due to dizziness. Chest X-ray showed a prominent cardiac silhouette. Further workup showed an echocardiogram with no left ventricular hypertrophy and mild left ventricular dilation. A Holter monitor recorded 1259 single PACs and 87 aberrantly conducted PACs. The patient was diagnosed with anxiety in 2017 and started on sertraline and later changed to fluoxetine. These medications were stopped at the end of 2022. In early 2023, he presented with symptomatic sinus bradycardia. A coronary angiogram revealed no obstructive CAD. MRI showed LV noncompaction towards the ventricular apex. Genetic testing showed a heterozygous HCN4 gene mutation.
The HCN4 gene mutation variants affect the cyclic nucleotide-gated cardiac ion channels, potentially leading to arrhythmias. It is most associated with patients with sinus node dysfunction. Specific mutations have been known to also present with left ventricular noncompaction (like in our patient), sick sinus syndrome, and susceptibility to ventricular fibrillation. Emerging evidence suggests that HCN4 gene may have potential expression in the brain. It is known that the HCN1 and HCN2 genes are common in the brain, but they are finding that the HCN4 gene is used as an “on-off” button that can control the way neurons respond to synaptic input.
This gene mutation, Gln375Ter, is associated with LV noncompaction or sinus node dysfunction. However, very few cases show an association of arrhythmias with mood disorders. There is evidence that the HCN4 gene may be associated with anxiety and depression because of its presence in the brain and specifically its location in the frontal cortex, and thalamocortical network. Our case illustrates how symptoms related to the mutation gradually emerged in the interval of presentation and diagnosis of the HCN4 gene mutation.
For patients presenting with symptomatic bradycardia, screening for anxiety and depression using DSM-V criteria could be crucial in identifying a genetic basis for their condition. Given that the HCN4 gene mutation can manifest in diverse ways due to its expression in both the heart and brain, awareness of these potential symptoms can aid the care team in accurately diagnosing this mutation.